Secular changes in colony‐forms and bryozoan carbonate sediments through geological history     

Paul D. Taylor  Noel P. James 《Sedimentology》2013,60(5):1184-1212

Ever since their first radiation in the Ordovician, bryozoans have contributed significantly to carbonate sedimentation. Most of the numerous colony‐forms developed by bryozoans have evolved repeatedly in different taxonomic groups and vary in their sediment‐producing potential. There are nine basic bryozoan colony‐forms: encrusting, dome‐shaped, palmate, foliose, fenestrate, robust branching, delicate branching, articulated and free‐living. The proportion of these morphotypes in bryozoan faunas period by period is shown to change significantly through the Phanerozoic. Notable patterns include: (i) steady increase in the number and proportion of encrusting species through time, interrupted by a transient drop in the Late Palaeozoic; (ii) post‐Triassic decrease in robust branching colonies; (iii) rise in the proportion of fenestrate colonies through the Palaeozoic, followed by their absence in the Triassic and Jurassic, rarity in the Cretaceous and reappearance in smaller proportions in the Cenozoic; and (iv) scarcity of articulated colonies and absence of free‐living colonies until the Cretaceous. Most Palaeozoic bryozoan sediments come from two architecturally distinct groups of colonies: (i) domal, delicate branching, robust branching and palmate; and (ii) fenestrate. The former generate coarse particles both as sediment and components of stromatoporoid‐coral reefs in the Early and mid Palaeozoic, whereas the delicate lacy fans of the latter create both prolific coarse sediment and form the cores of Late Palaeozoic deep‐water, sub‐photic biogenic mounds. Nearly all post‐Palaeozoic bryozoan sediments comprise cyclostomes and cheilostomes with many of the same growth forms but with the addition of free‐living colonies and significant numbers of articulated colonies. The latter produced sand and mud‐sized bryozoan sediment via disarticulation for the first time. In contrast to the Palaeozoic, post‐Palaeozoic bryozoans generated sediment varying more widely across the grain‐size spectrum, from mud to sand to gravel. This article highlights the need to consider evolutionary changes in carbonate‐producing organisms when interpreting facies changes through time.  相似文献   

Geological Storage Forms of Injected CO2 and Variation with Time: A Case Study for Ordos Deep Saline Formation     

YUE Gaofan  XU Tianfu  WANG Fugang 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(Z1):980-981

  相似文献   

长江口海域表层沉积物重金属元素赋存形态特征     

何中发  方正  温晓华  张琢  王张华  赵宝成  谢建磊  李晓 《上海国土资源》2012,33(2):69-73

通过长江河口地区水下表层沉积物样品多种化学元素的赋存形态分析测试数据,综合分析重金属元素的赋存形态特征。研究结果显示：镉、汞、铅残渣态所占比例均小于50%,锌、砷、铬、铜、镍残渣态占比均大于50%;8个元素的残渣态与全量呈显著正相关关系。沉积环境和沉积物粒径对重金属元素赋存形态具有重要影响。沉积物的物质来源、矿物组成特征、水动力作用与沉积物粒度和物理化学条件等是长江口地区表层沉积物重金属元素赋存形态的主要控制因素。  相似文献   

Integration of European habitat monitoring based on plant life form composition as an indicator of environmental change and change in biodiversity     

Margit Bloch-Petersen  Jesper Brandt  Martin Olsen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):61-74

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 61–74, 2006

During the last 25 years a number of European countries have developed general landscape monitoring systems. In the agricultural landscapes of Denmark the Small Biotope Monitoring Program (SBMP). which focuses on the dynamics of small biotopes and their relation to changes in agricultural technology and structural characteristics, has been developed since 1981. Erom 2007, the SBMP will continue as part of the Danish nature monitoring program, NOVANA.

In Europe, during the last 10 years, several national landscape surveys have cooperated to develop a European platform for consistent landscape related habitat monitoring. This has been through the BioHab Concerted Action Framework Programme of the EU (2002–2005), and the resulting publication of a handbook for recording and monitoring habitats (Bunce et al., 2005). The focus on environmentally conditioned habitat changes at a landscape level has led to the re-introduction of Raunkiaer's plant life form concept. This approach enables the indication of changes in biodiversity based on alterations in general habitat composition and quality.

Although the objectives of the SBMP and the BioHab projects have been somewhat different, the methodologies have much in common. In this paper the background and perspectives of the two approaches are discussed, and a test of the BioHab field methodology in an area previously monitored by the SBMP is presented. It was found not to be difficult to integrate the BioHab field recording methodology with the existing SBMP methods, thus permitting the SBMP to deliver an additional European perspective, with relatively little additional effort.  相似文献   

长江口及毗邻海区沉积物中磷的分布特征长江口及毗邻海区沉积物中磷的分布特征     

何会军  于志刚  姚庆祯  陈洪涛  米铁柱 《海洋学报(英文版)》2009,28(5)

于2006年6月和2007年4月在长江口及毗邻海区采集了表层沉积物样品，利用水淘选法对沉积物进行了粒径分级，并采用改进后的SEDEX方法对沉积物样品及分粒级沉积物样品进行了磷形态分析。结果表明，2006年6月和2007年4月长江口及毗邻海区沉积物总磷变化分别为1256~1964 μmol/g和899~1991 μmol/g，其中碎屑磷是磷的主要存在形态。可交换态磷、铁结合态磷、有机磷、自生磷灰石磷及难分解有机磷在长江口外的平面分布比较一致，均在紧邻长江口门外、杭州湾外的条状带出现了含量的高值，而在口门内及口门外河口靠海一侧碎屑磷含量较高。不同形态磷在不同粒径沉积物中的含量不尽相同：有机磷、自生磷灰石磷以及难分解有机磷是小于8 μm粒级沉积物中磷的主要组成部分，而且其在总磷中所占比例随沉积物粒径的增加而下降；碎屑磷则主要集中在粗沉积物中，为32~63 μm及大于63 μm粒级沉积物中磷的主要贡献者。沉积物的粒度分异以及各形态磷在不同粒径沉积物中含量的差异，共同影响着河口沉积物中磷的分布  相似文献   

Morphology and internal architecture of a banner bank off Chengshan Headland, Shandong Peninsula     

ZHOULiangyong  LIUJian  XUEChunting  KONGXianghuai  BAIDapeng 《海洋学报(英文版)》2009,28(5):58-65

A banner bank off the north coast of the Chengshan Headland,Shandong Peninsula,has been described on the basis of echo sounder bathymetry,side-scan sonar and high-resolution seismic data sets.The bank is in NWW direction,approximately parallel to the coastline.The bank consists of sandy silt or clayed silt.Sand waves and megaripples are observed on the north side,which result from strong tidal currents around the headland and storm waves in winter.These bed forms indicate that the bank is influenced by the modern hydrodynamics.The bank is separated from the coast and Holocene subaqueous clinoform around the Shandong Peninsula in its east part.High-resolution seismic profiles reveal that the bank was formed during two periods:the earlier seismic unit Ua,and later seismic units Ub and Uc which overlays Ua with erosional surfaces on its south side and north side,respectively.As comparing with the clinoform,the bank has a different internal architecture.In the west of the bank,however,topography and surface sediment characteristics suggest that the bank links to the clinoform.The authors propose that seismic Ua is a residual part of early clinoform deposit.After the sediments in the north and south of Ua were eroded by strong currents,the Ub and Uc started to deposit probably by a complex hydrodynamic process.These results provide new insights into the evolution of the bank and its relation with the Holocene subqueous clinoform.  相似文献   

Phosphorus distribution in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river,China     

Ping Wang  Mengchang HeChunye Lin  Bin MenRuimin Liu  Xiangchun QuanZhifeng Yang 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the phosphorus distribution in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river, intensively affected by municipal effluent and agricultural activity for about 50 years. Surface sediment samples were taken at 35 sites in the estuarine area and phosphorus species and contents of total P, Al, Fe, and Ca in the sediments were measured. Results showed that the content of total P in the sediments ranged from 230 to 841 mg kg⁻¹, with an average of 549 mg kg⁻¹. Ca–bound P, residual P, Al–bound P, reductant–soluble P, Fe–bound P, and soluble and loosely bound P were averagely 44.5, 21.6, 13.6, 11.7, 8.9 and 0.2% of total P, respectively. With the gradual increase of total P content, Al–bound P, reductant–soluble P, and Fe–bound P generally increased, while the rest species of P did not. This might indicate that anthropogenic P is bound to Al and Fe oxides. Regression analysis showed that Al–bound P and sum of Fe–bound P and reductant–soluble P were correlated to the contents of total Al and Fe, respectively. On the other hand, Ca–bound P was not correlated to the content of total Ca in the sediment, probably suggesting that Ca–P was mainly from authigenic marine origin. Whereas the content of total P in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river was within the range of total P content for Chinese and worldwide river estuaries as well as coastal sediments, non-calcium apatite phosphorus content in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river was relatively higher, indicating higher release risk and bioavailability of P in the sediment. On the other hand, the molar ratio of total Fe to total P was 16–34 in the estuarine sediments of the Daliao river, suggesting that iron oxides/hydroxides in the sediments might be able to sequester more phosphorus. Therefore, the accumulation or release of P in/from the estuarine sediments might be dependent on the external loading of P and the estuarine eutrophication may be sustained by the internal bioavailable P pools following the decrease of the external P loading.  相似文献   

中国中元古代同位素地质年代学研究进展述评   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

陆松年  李怀坤  相振群 《中国地质》2010,37(4)

本文较全面地总结了自2000年第三届全国地层大会以来,中国中元古代地层和热-构造事件同位素地质年代学研究工作所取得的主要进展,讨论了这些进展所具有的重要意义,指出确立中国中元古代上部地层标准剖面,重新厘定中元古界地质年表,是当前最迫切需要解决的课题。  相似文献   

长江悬浮颗粒物中磷的赋存形态   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

魏俊峰  陈洪涛  刘鹏霞  李荣华  于志刚 《水科学进展》2010,21(1):107-112

2006年9~10月在长江采集悬浮颗粒物样品,应用改进后的SEDEX法对磷的赋存形态进行了分析.结果表明,自生磷灰石磷是长江悬浮颗粒物中磷的主要赋存形态.涪陵至万州江段,碎屑磷灰石磷的含量较高,弱吸附态磷和有机磷含量较低,磷的赋存形态主要受悬浮颗粒物含量的影响;香溪至葛洲坝下江段,弱吸附态磷和有机磷含量较高,碎屑磷灰石磷含量较低,磷的赋存形态主要受浮游植物生长及泥沙粒径的影响;城陵矶至大通江段,有机磷、碎屑磷灰石磷和铁结合态磷含量较高,弱吸附态磷含量较低,磷的赋存形态主要受泥沙粒径和洞庭湖输入的影响.长江悬浮颗粒物中生物可利用磷占颗粒态磷的45.6%,长江上游水体中生物可利用磷含量较低,下游含量较高.  相似文献   

中高盐度NaCl-H_2O溶液包裹体3种存在形式(T_h》T_m、T_h=T_m、T_h 时的物化条件研究          下载免费PDF全文

陈文明  王勇  陈伟十 《地学前缘》2010,17(2)

首次提出均一捕获的中高盐度NaCl-H_2O溶液包裹体出现的3种类型(T_h>T_m、T_h=T_m、T_h<T_m)主要取决于包裹体捕获时的相态(均一相与不均一相)及包裹体捕获后降温和升温过程中引起的ΔV_l(NaCl-H_2O饱和溶液容积的变化)与ΔV_s(盐晶容积的变化)之间的关系.在均一捕获NaCl-H_2O饱和溶液时,当包裹体的|ΔV_l|>|ΔV_s|,即在NaCl饱和曲线上温度小于Tr点温度(|ΔV_l|=|ΔV_s|时的温度)段捕获包裹体的T_h=T_m,T_h或T_m为其捕获时温度.当包裹体的|ΔV_l|≤|ΔV_s|,即在NaCl饱和曲线上温度大于或等于Tr点温度段捕获的包裹体的T_h<T_m,T_m是其捕获温度,T_h与捕获时的压力呈负相关关系.在均一捕获不饱和NaCl-H_2O溶液时,即温度大于饱和点温度,密度小于饱和点密度区间捕获的包裹体的T_h>T_m,T_h是该类包裹体捕获的最低温度.在温度和密度均大于Tr点的等容线上捕获的包裹体的T_h<T_m,其T_m是该类包裹体捕获的最低温度,T_h与捕获时的压力呈负相关关系,在温度小于T_r点的等容线上捕获的包裹体的T_h=T_m,其T_h或T_m是该类包裹体捕获的最低温度.在不均一捕获NaCl-H_2O饱和溶液时, T_h与T_m高于或等于捕获温度,T_h与T_m的关系决定于捕获时盐晶和气泡的容积比.通过热力学计算还确定了气液平衡标准条件(1个大气压、25 ℃)下Tr点温度为335 ℃.提出通过计算不同温压条件下的Tr点值、常温常压下的V_l、V_g、V_s之间的比值来区分该类包裹体的捕获环境(均一相与不均一相).  相似文献